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Inflammatory response: five Rs
• Recognition of the injurious agent
• Recruitment of leukocytes
• Removal of the agent,
• Regulation (control) of the response
• Resolution (repair)
Transudate
• oedema fluid that accumulates
due to increased hydrostatic
pressure or reduced
intravascular colloid
• protein-poor
• oedema fluid that accumulates
due to increased hydrostatic
pressure or reduced
intravascular colloid
• protein-poor
• specific gravity less than 1.012
Systemic effects of inflammation: acute-phase
reaction
• Fever
• Elevated plasma levels of acute-phase proteins: C-reactive protein
(CRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A (SAA) protein, erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR)
• Leukocytosis: ≥15,000 cells/mL
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), metabolic disturbances
including acidosis, and hypotensive shock
• Rigors (shivering), chills (perception of being cold as the
hypothalamus resets the body temperature), anorexia, somnolence,
and malaise
Serous inflammation:
protein-poor fluid that, depending on the site of
injury, derives either from the plasma or from the secretions of mesothelial
cells lining the peritoneal,pleural, and pericardial cavities
Transduction
When the signaling molecule binds the receptor it changes the receptor protein in some way
Cardinal signs of inflammation
• heat (calor): due to vasodilation
• redness (rubor): due to congestion
• swelling (tumor): due to oedema (transudate and exudate)
• pain (dolor): stimulated by NO and prostaglandins
• loss of function (functio laesa): neural response
Reception:
cell detects a signaling molecule from the outside of the cell
Response:
The signal triggers a specific cellular response
Inflammatory response: five Rs
• Recognition of the injurious agent
• Recruitment of leukocytes
• Removal of the agent,
• Regulation (control) of the response
• Resolution (repair)
Outcomes of acute inflammation
• Resolution: regeneration and repair
• Chronic inflammation
• Scarring
Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation
Cell signaling
• paracrine signaling
• autocrine signaling
• endocrine signaling
• signaling by direct contact
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