Lernmaterialien für Theological Terms an der Redeemer College

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Anthropomorphism

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A way of saying that God has some of the same physical traits as humans in order to make a point that is important.
Even though God is known as a Spirit, the Bible sometimes refers to God's "face" or "arm."
This is even though God isn't bound by the time and space constraints of a physical body.
Anthropomorphisms are a way to make the truth about God that might otherwise be hard to grasp more real.

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Apologetics

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Apologetics is the formal defence of the Christian faith.
It is sometimes called eristics.
In the past, Christian theologians have disagreed about whether or not apologetics is a good way to spread the gospel, and if so, how it should be done.
According to how they've responded, apologists have used rational arguments, evidence from the world around them, the authority of God's word, or mystical experiences to back up their beliefs about things like the existence of God, the authority of Scripture, the deity of Christ, and the historicity of Jesus' resurrection.

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Athanasius

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An early church apologist, theologian and bishop of Alexandria.
Athanasius’s greatest contribution to Christian theology was his uncompromising stance against the popular Arian teaching of his day.

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Atonement, atonement theories

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Atonement refers to God's act of taking care of the main human problem, sin.

It's true that sin has broken the relationship between God and people.

According to Christian theology, God made the way back to normal through the death of Jesus, which is how God did it.

The Bible doesn't say how this atonement works, but some of the atonement theories include: Christ's death has a positive moral effect on people because it shows how love works in action.

Christ is the ransom that buys sinners back from Satan or gives them victory over evil.

Christ's death also satisfied God's wrath because it took away the honour he should have gotten because of sin, and he took the punishment for us because we broke God's rules.

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Augustine, Augustinianism

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Augustine was one of the most important theologians in the history of the church.

He had a big impact on how the Western church thought about the Trinity, sin, predestination, and the church.

Platonic philosophy and theology are two different things, but Augustine combined them in a way that made sense to people.

Basically, Augustinianism is a way of thinking that starts with the fact that humans are completely sinful (depraved).

This means that humans can't respond in faith to God.

In line with this, Augustinianism says that God chooses those who can repent and believe.

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Barth, Karl

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Karl Barth is one of the most important twentieth-century theologians.

He is often called the father of neo-orthodoxy or dialectical theology.

Barth is known for three main things.

First, he talked about God's absolute distance from us, which was different from liberals who talked about God's closeness.

When two ideas don't agree with each other, he thought truth came out of the mix of them, like "finite with infinite," "eternity with time," or "God with people."

Finally, he put Christ at the center of his theology, which was a big change from the liberal theology that came before him.

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Christ, Christology

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It's the same word as "Messiah," which means "anointed one."

The Greek word "Christ" means "anointed one."

The term "Christ" is used in the New Testament, even though it doesn't mean that Jesus is God.

Christology is the study of two main questions: Who is Jesus? (the question of his identity) and What is the nature and significance of what Jesus did when he became a person? (the question of his work).

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Contextualization

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Use words and images that are familiar to people today in an effort to communicate the message and teachings of the ancient Scriptures in a way that will help them understand them better.
A theologian is concerned about how far he can change how the Bible is written without losing the essence of the gospel message.
This is called contextualization.
People also try to figure out how the Christian community tries to live out the gospel in a non-Christian world by contextualizing the gospel.

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Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, Chalcedon

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During several ecumenical gatherings in the early years of the Christian church, leaders from all parts of the church came together to talk about major theological issues.

They wanted to come to a consensus on what the faithful should believe.

The Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) met to settle the debate over Arianism, which said that Christ was the highest-created person.

They came up with the Nicene Creed, which said that Christ was not the highest-created person.

Council of Constantinople (A.D. 381) kept the discussion going.

They talked about putting the Spirit inside the Godhead, which made the Creed fully trinitarian.

Constantinople added to the Nicene Creed and officially condemned Arianism and a lot of other ideas.

It also made sure that the full humanity of Jesus Christ was the correct thing to believe.

People at the Council of Chalcedon (AD 451) talked about how Christ's humanity and divinity were connected.

They came up with the formula of Chalcedon, which became the orthodox view of Christ's person.

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Covenant, covenant theology

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When God makes a covenant with humans, it means that he did so freely.

Through the covenant, God gives humans both good things that are conditional and good things that aren't.

God only blesses people if they follow the rules of the covenant.

God gives blessings to humans regardless of whether they obey or disobey the terms of the covenant.

During the time of Noah, Abraham, Moses, and David, God made covenants with each one of them.

All these covenants have been met by God, but above all, he has started a new one in Christ, which is for all people who believe in him (Heb 9:15, 27-28).

This is the type of theology that focuses on God as a covenant-making God.

In the history of the world, there are two great covenants: the covenant of works and the covenant of grace.

This is what covenant theology says: God made a deal with Adam, who is a representative of all people, before the fall of man.

It was because of Adam's disobedience that the second Adam, Jesus Christ, was born.

God made a new covenant through him.

Those who put their faith in Christ get to enjoy the benefits of this new covenant of grace, too.

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Creed

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A creed is a short statement of Christian faith and beliefs.

It comes from the Latin credo, which means "I believe."

The early creeds were meant to give a short summary of Christian doctrine, which baptismal candidates agreed to when they were baptized.

In the future, creeds are used to teach new believers, fight heresy, and use in corporate worship.

A few of the most well-known creeds that were written in the first five centuries of the church were: the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed.

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Allegory, allegorical method

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In an allegory, the details of a story help people understand or see a "hidden," "higher," or "deeper" message.
The allegorical method of Bible interpretation says that stories in the Bible should be looked at by looking for the "spiritual" meaning that the literal sense points to.

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Anthropomorphism

A way of saying that God has some of the same physical traits as humans in order to make a point that is important.
Even though God is known as a Spirit, the Bible sometimes refers to God's "face" or "arm."
This is even though God isn't bound by the time and space constraints of a physical body.
Anthropomorphisms are a way to make the truth about God that might otherwise be hard to grasp more real.

Apologetics

Apologetics is the formal defence of the Christian faith.
It is sometimes called eristics.
In the past, Christian theologians have disagreed about whether or not apologetics is a good way to spread the gospel, and if so, how it should be done.
According to how they've responded, apologists have used rational arguments, evidence from the world around them, the authority of God's word, or mystical experiences to back up their beliefs about things like the existence of God, the authority of Scripture, the deity of Christ, and the historicity of Jesus' resurrection.

Athanasius

An early church apologist, theologian and bishop of Alexandria.
Athanasius’s greatest contribution to Christian theology was his uncompromising stance against the popular Arian teaching of his day.

Atonement, atonement theories

Atonement refers to God's act of taking care of the main human problem, sin.

It's true that sin has broken the relationship between God and people.

According to Christian theology, God made the way back to normal through the death of Jesus, which is how God did it.

The Bible doesn't say how this atonement works, but some of the atonement theories include: Christ's death has a positive moral effect on people because it shows how love works in action.

Christ is the ransom that buys sinners back from Satan or gives them victory over evil.

Christ's death also satisfied God's wrath because it took away the honour he should have gotten because of sin, and he took the punishment for us because we broke God's rules.

Augustine, Augustinianism

Augustine was one of the most important theologians in the history of the church.

He had a big impact on how the Western church thought about the Trinity, sin, predestination, and the church.

Platonic philosophy and theology are two different things, but Augustine combined them in a way that made sense to people.

Basically, Augustinianism is a way of thinking that starts with the fact that humans are completely sinful (depraved).

This means that humans can't respond in faith to God.

In line with this, Augustinianism says that God chooses those who can repent and believe.

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Barth, Karl

Karl Barth is one of the most important twentieth-century theologians.

He is often called the father of neo-orthodoxy or dialectical theology.

Barth is known for three main things.

First, he talked about God's absolute distance from us, which was different from liberals who talked about God's closeness.

When two ideas don't agree with each other, he thought truth came out of the mix of them, like "finite with infinite," "eternity with time," or "God with people."

Finally, he put Christ at the center of his theology, which was a big change from the liberal theology that came before him.

Christ, Christology

It's the same word as "Messiah," which means "anointed one."

The Greek word "Christ" means "anointed one."

The term "Christ" is used in the New Testament, even though it doesn't mean that Jesus is God.

Christology is the study of two main questions: Who is Jesus? (the question of his identity) and What is the nature and significance of what Jesus did when he became a person? (the question of his work).

Contextualization

Use words and images that are familiar to people today in an effort to communicate the message and teachings of the ancient Scriptures in a way that will help them understand them better.
A theologian is concerned about how far he can change how the Bible is written without losing the essence of the gospel message.
This is called contextualization.
People also try to figure out how the Christian community tries to live out the gospel in a non-Christian world by contextualizing the gospel.

Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, Chalcedon

During several ecumenical gatherings in the early years of the Christian church, leaders from all parts of the church came together to talk about major theological issues.

They wanted to come to a consensus on what the faithful should believe.

The Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) met to settle the debate over Arianism, which said that Christ was the highest-created person.

They came up with the Nicene Creed, which said that Christ was not the highest-created person.

Council of Constantinople (A.D. 381) kept the discussion going.

They talked about putting the Spirit inside the Godhead, which made the Creed fully trinitarian.

Constantinople added to the Nicene Creed and officially condemned Arianism and a lot of other ideas.

It also made sure that the full humanity of Jesus Christ was the correct thing to believe.

People at the Council of Chalcedon (AD 451) talked about how Christ's humanity and divinity were connected.

They came up with the formula of Chalcedon, which became the orthodox view of Christ's person.

Covenant, covenant theology

When God makes a covenant with humans, it means that he did so freely.

Through the covenant, God gives humans both good things that are conditional and good things that aren't.

God only blesses people if they follow the rules of the covenant.

God gives blessings to humans regardless of whether they obey or disobey the terms of the covenant.

During the time of Noah, Abraham, Moses, and David, God made covenants with each one of them.

All these covenants have been met by God, but above all, he has started a new one in Christ, which is for all people who believe in him (Heb 9:15, 27-28).

This is the type of theology that focuses on God as a covenant-making God.

In the history of the world, there are two great covenants: the covenant of works and the covenant of grace.

This is what covenant theology says: God made a deal with Adam, who is a representative of all people, before the fall of man.

It was because of Adam's disobedience that the second Adam, Jesus Christ, was born.

God made a new covenant through him.

Those who put their faith in Christ get to enjoy the benefits of this new covenant of grace, too.

Creed

A creed is a short statement of Christian faith and beliefs.

It comes from the Latin credo, which means "I believe."

The early creeds were meant to give a short summary of Christian doctrine, which baptismal candidates agreed to when they were baptized.

In the future, creeds are used to teach new believers, fight heresy, and use in corporate worship.

A few of the most well-known creeds that were written in the first five centuries of the church were: the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed.

Allegory, allegorical method

In an allegory, the details of a story help people understand or see a "hidden," "higher," or "deeper" message.
The allegorical method of Bible interpretation says that stories in the Bible should be looked at by looking for the "spiritual" meaning that the literal sense points to.

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