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What are the 4 pseudo-sciences?
What did Sternberg propose?
Saul Sternberg (1933–) proposed a related chronometrical method like Donders, called the additive factors method, that aimed not to estimate the duration of stage durations (as Donders method did) but to identify particular mental stages of processing.
physiognomy
Physiognomy concerns the belief that a person’s character is reflected by features of the face
How did Donders investigate the speed of mental processes?
Donders investigate the speed of mental processes by examining 3 different task with each different stages in it. By subtracting the 3 task from each other each mental proces could be measured.
What are the principal assumptions of phrenology?
When a function is well developed, it will occupy more space in the brain, that is, the corresponding brain areas are larger. According to Gall, this leads to bumps on the skull. How well a function is developed can be assessed by determining the size of the bump on the skull. This view is called phrenology.
Mental healing
Mental healing is the belief that mental illnesses may be cured by establishing correct thinking
How did Helmholtz investigate the speed of neural transmission?
Helmholtz investigated the speed of neural transmission by stimulation the nerve of a frog, that led contraction of the muscle (it was an electrical circuit)
How did Flourens attempt to prove
that he was right in contract to Gall?
he made localized lesions to the brains of living pigeons and rabbits to study their effects on perception, memory, and motor functions.
However, he was unable
to find specific regions for perception and memory, which led him to conclude that
these functions are distributed across the whole cerebral cortex (holism), different
from what Gall claimed.
Mesmerism
Mesmerism embraces the belief that magnets may cure mental disorders.
What did the discovery of Broca area imply for the controversy about the localization of higher mental functions?
This supported the assumption that higher mental functions are localized,
different from what Flourens maintained.
Spiritualism
Spiritualism is the belief that particular persons,
called mediums, may establish contact with the spirits of the dead.
What was Helmholtz conclusion?
Helmholtz concluded that the conduction of the nerve impulse takes time and can be measured, unlike what J. Müller had assumed.
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