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What is the consequence of adrogenital syndrome?
onset of over-production of androgens later in life! Leads to:
Describe the microanatomy of islets of langerhans!
Islets of Langerhans are interspersed in lobules. Islets contain abundant capillaries of fenestrated type. As endocrine tissue they are not connected with the ductal system:
• alpha cells: glucagon
• beta cells: insulin
• delta cells: somatostatin
• PP cells: pancreatic polypeptide
Microanatomy of the thymus?
How do T-cells differentiate into CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells?
CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells (MHC I restricted): IL-2 & IFN-g --> cellular defense
How do T-cells differentiate into CD4+ helper T-cells?
CD4+ Helper T-cells (MHC II restricted): TH1-Cells IFN-g, IL-2, IL-3, TNF-a, GM-CSF à cellular and humoral defense / TH2-cells IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 etc. à humoral defense. Th-Cell activation via 3 Signals: TCR-MHCII, CD28-B7 & cytokines!
Pathway of the lymph within lymph nodes?
Lymph path: afferent vessels – subcapsular sinus – trabecular sinus – cortical sinus - medullary sinus – efferent vessel (hilus).
How are lymph nodes build up?
Lymph nodes consist of a capsule, trabecula, afferent lymph vessels and a hilus with efferent lymph vessel and blood vessels.
Parenchyma: cortex (lymph follicles, B-cell zone), para-cortex (T-cell zone, HEVs) and medulla with medullary cords.
What is MALT?
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
Constitutive lymph follicles present in Waldeyer ́s tonsillar ring, Peyer ́s patches, Appendix vermiformis and along stretches of the respiratory tract. Diffuse lymphatic tissue present all along gut, respiratory tract, and many other sites such as skin, mesothelial linings, in synovia of joints and tendons joint capsules (synovia), bursa linings etc..
Adenohypophysis produces? Possible pathologies?
Produces: ACTH, TSH, GH & Prolactin
Pathologies: Cushing syndrome, Acromegaly (STH), Hyper- & hypothyroidism, Prolactinemia
Neurohypophysis produces? Possible pathologies?
Produces: ADH & Oxytocin
Pathologies: Diabetes insipidus
Name some facts about adenoma of the hypophysis!
Normal measure of gl. suprarenalis?
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