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disinformation
a news story, photo, or video deliberately created to be false or misleading
What type of validity is not prioritized when testing association or frequency claims, but is when testing causal claims?
internal
Universalism
One of Merton's 4 scientific norms: - Scientific claims are evaluated according to their merit, independent of the researcher's credentials or reputation. - The same pre-established criteria apply to all scientists and all research
open access
term referring to a peer-reviewed academic journal that anyone, even the general public, can read without paying for access
independent variable
in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
negative association
an association in which high levels of one variable go with low levels of the other variable, and vice versa - a line drawn through the cloud of points would slope downward
empiricism
the use of verifiable evidence as the basis for conclusions;- collecting data systematically and using it to develop, support, or challenge a theory
confound
A general term for a potential alternative explanation for a research finding (a threat to internal validity).
confidential study
a research study in which identifying information is collected, but protected from disclosure to people other than the researchers
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