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Development of multicellular systems
ORTHOLOGS
after gene duplication one homolog sorts with one species and the other one with the other à sequences diverge but they maintain the same activity
à orthologs have homologous origin and also homologous activity
Development of multicellular systems
How can you overcome pleiotropy and study the role of different individual genes in living organisms?
mosaic animals = composed by >2 genotipically different cells
by method of induction of mitotic recombination --> recombination occurs between sister chromatids in somatic cells before cell division producing 2 cells with different genotypes
drosophila (FLP/FRT System)
mouse (CRE/LoX-P System)
transposable elements can be used to insert in genome eg. Flp (Flipase) binds to Dna sequences caled FRT--> catalyzes chromosomal exchange, when FRT is present on both chromatids it catalyzes transchromosomal exchange. (happens in G2 phase while homologous are pared)
When Flipase is expressed while a tissue grows, there will be 2 population of cells..
cells with no recombination (normal phenotype) and homozygot mutant
when recombination happens early, intere structures are mutated (whole ear)
later induction in a tissue leads to a clone of cells, that arose from one single ancestral cell
Development of multicellular systems
Similarity
describes the degree of sequence match between compared sequences
(homologous genes can be 100& similar or only 72%)
Development of multicellular systems
PARALOGS
homologous genes (similar sequences) produced by a gene duplication
à common ancestral gene but have diverged during evolution within the same species à divergence of sequence leads to different activities
à homologous origin but heterologous activities --> “Division of labour
Development of multicellular systems
cell differentiation
process through which immature cells become progressively specialised
Development of multicellular systems
ANALOGS
Genes/ proteins share same activity but not a common origin à have the same function but they lack sufficient similarity to imply that they have a common origin.
à homologous activity but heterologous origin
Development of multicellular systems
morphogen
molecule that can provide positional information by regulating gene expression in a concentration dependent manner
Development of multicellular systems
organiser
Tissue that induces and patterns surroundings via induction
Development of multicellular systems
advantages of recombination
site specific
recombination is inducible, highly efficient, (gene encoding recombinase can be put under the control of a tissue specific promoter --> inducible with light, heat)
Development of multicellular systems
Can regulators of fate induce physical change?
NO, only effectors can (are regulated by regulators (TF, signalling pathways)
Development of multicellular systems
twin spot clones
2 individual and gen. different cells that have originated from the same meiotic recombination event
Development of multicellular systems
What happens when cells have decided which fate to adopt? Next step?
they need to change physically
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