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When did the first part of the 20th century occur?
1900 - 1945
Dobby with a SWISS flag - TAPE RoLL
Beginning: 1900 (arbitrary)Victoria died 1901
Ending: end of World War II
When did the Industrial Revolution happen?
1760-1850
1764: Invention of Spinning Jenny
by James Hargreaves
Ending:
Principles of Romanticism
innovation favoured over traditionalism
interest in spontaneous feeling
interest in the natural world and the individual’s relationship
poet as a spiritually gifted genius
interest in the supernatural world (goth novel)
interest in the past (mediaevalism) (goth)
interest in the limits of experience (Confession of an English Opium Eater)
female gothic
first used by Ellen Moers in Literary Women (1976)
focus on the persecuted heroine, her flight from imprisonment, and search for a lost mother
birth and the trauma associated with birth
not linked to the sex of the author but understood as an individual mode of representation
What is important about 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge'?
The poem is a depiction of a spontaneous experience of emotion and describes the view in the early morning on Westminster bridge on a specific place and time. It is accompanied by the diary record of Wordsworth's sister in a less poetical way.
it underlines the myth of the poetic genius
it is a depiction of a 'landscape' that is not natural, while it was common at that time to describe natural spaces in vivid imagery.
What is the sublime
Das Erhabene
from Lat. sub- (under), limen (threshold, lintel)
a central status in discussions of landscape and its representation in the eighteenth century
What is The Picturesque?
defined by Uvedale Price as occupying an intermediate position between the sublime and the beautiful
a way of looking at the natural world as if it were a painting
landscape paintings may show the scope of nature but they are also limited by their frame
Terror
e. g. Ann Radcliffe, The Mysteries of Udolpho: A Romance (1794)
obscure dangers
anxious suspense
psychological experience
Horror
M. G. Lewis, The Monk: A Romance (1796)
explicit threats
(gross) violence
visceral experience
Changes in the political Landscape
1837: Queen Victoria’s accession to the British throne
1832: First Reform Act
relative extension of franchise (right to vote)
1867: Second Reform Act
1884: Third Reform Act
What was the most important genre of the Victorian period?
The novel
during Victoria’s reign, some 3,500 authors published a total of 40,000 novels in Britain alone
consistent increase in novels published throughout the century (up to 1750: 100 per year; by 1825: 600 per year; by 1900: 6,000 per year)
Ideology of Separate Spheres
separation of home and workplace resulted in a valorisation of the home (Woman as ‘Angel in the House’)
public sphere gendered as male, domestic sphere as female
cult of domesticity
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