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Computer Aided Medical Procedure
Name two reasons for wave attenuation in Ultrasound and name 3 examples each
1. Wave interactioon at tissue interfaces
- specular reflection
- diffuse reflection (scattering)
- refraction, general artifacts
2. Wave interaction within tissue
- absorption
- non-linear effects (simplification of modeling)
- wave interference
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
Write a function that performs thresholding of an image stored in a numpy array
segmented[image>threshold] = 255
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
You implemented region growing for 2 dimensions. Now you want to do 3 dimensions. What do you need to change in the code
1. more input arguments needed: slices and z coordinate
2. coordinates have to be extended to 3D [x, y, z]
3. Two additional if clauses for neighbours in z- direction
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
On the measurement of which physical quantity is X-ray computed tomography based on?
density or absorption
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
What is Wave scattering?
particles smaller than wavelength, wave is scattered in pseudorandom directions
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
What is the main difference between gaussian filter and Bilateral filter
- Bilateral considers the spatial location and kernel is dependend on the image contents.
- weights are calculated based on difference of intensity value and distance
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
Which substance do the many black bubbles contain which are visible in slices of CT
air
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
Compare Region growing and Otsu threshold regarding
- user interaction
- repeatability
- speed
- one connected component
- applicable because intensity homogenities
User interaction: Thresholding requires less user interaction
Repeatability: region growing harder to repead as seed point selection is harder to repeat
Conected component: Region growning does not guarentee connected component
Both can be applied if contrasted vasculature has more or less same intensity throughout body
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
Describe the Process for Postprocessing for visualization in US
1. Subsequent filters pipeline
2. Reduction of dynamic range
3. Transformation of scanlines to image
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
You notice in segmentation that the boundary of the segmentation is not very smooth and segmentation contains holes. Discuss strategies to prevent this
Smoother boundaries -> filter the input image with gaussian filter or segmentation with morphological filter
possibility is morphological closing operation in order to remove both holes and smooth boundary
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
Segmentation: Your boss wants to do a quantitative performance analysis. What would you suggest to do
- obtain manual segmentation for a number of test cases
- Evaluate results using various metrices such as Dice, Jaccard index
Computer Aided Medical Procedure
Fill in code for K-Means
Choose k data points to act as cluster centers
1. Until the cluster centers are unchanged
(a)
(b)
(a) allocate each data point to cluster whose center is nearest
(b) replace cluster centers with the mean of the elements in their clusters
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