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Ling F2
3 Types of Meaning
1.) linguistic phenomenon: property of linguistic sign e.g. good
2.) psychological phenomenon: ideas speakers associate with linguistic form e.g. summer (negative vs. bad connotation)
3.) Phenomenon of Use/ Social Meaning: how a word form is used by speakers of a speech community (Prgamatics)
Ling F2
1.) Linguistic Meaning
= Relationship between linguistic sign and entities of the extralinguistic world
Denotation and Reference
Linguistic sign (DOG) denotes to a Denotatum (Sets of DOGS: Snoopy, Poodle...)
Denotation= general meaning behind a word
Referring expression (DOG) refers to a referent (DOG 1 individual member of denotatum OR DOG 2 all members)
Reference= Relationship between an expression and its referent (dependent on speech situation!)
Ling F2
Denotation (1.) Linguistic Meaning)
Denotation= relationship between linguistic sign and its denotatum
- Property of a word which is independent of its use in any concrete speech situation
(= general meaning behind a word)
Ling F2
Denotatum (1.) Linguistic Meaning
Denotatum= Set of objects/people etc. of the world to which a word/expression/linguistic sign can be applied
e.g. Denotatum of DOG is identical with the set of all dogs which exist in reality or imagination of speaker
Ling F2
Reference (1.) Linguistic Meaning
Reference= relationship between expression and its referent
- Reference only holds with respect to particular speech situation (unlike Denotation!)
- makes it possible to identify particular member of the set (not always)
Ling F2
Referent (1.) Linguistics Meaning
Referent= Member of the set referred to e.g. Snoopy or Poodle
Ling F2
Remarks on Denotation and Reference (1.) Linguistic Meaning
Denotation and Reference are NO synonyms because...
=> 2 different ways in which language adopts the world
Denotation= to say what the word DOG denotes is to identify all those entities in the world that are correctly called DOG
Reference= to say what the word DOG refers to is to identify one specific entity of the category of DOGS (but not necessarily)
Ling F2
2.) Psychological Meaning
Connotation = another type of meaning
- Associations speaker have with a word that goes beyond its meaning
- Arises from properties of denotatum
- Not necessarily shared by whole speech community
e.g. cowardly vs. prudent, unwise vs. foolish, cocky vs. confident
Ling F2
3.) Social Meaning
- Getting to know information about the speaker e.g. gender, race, age etc.
e.g. "Is it doctor in here?" -> African Amercian background
Ling F2
Which 3 definitions are needed for Meaning Relations?
Ling F2
Lexeme
Lexeme= the fundamental abstract unit of the lexicon of a language (head entry in a dictionary) e.g. table
Ling F2
Semantics
= Study of systematic ways in which language structures meaning (esp. in words & sentences)
- focus on meaning/concept (=signifie)
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