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Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland)
hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers
Sociobiology
a branch of science that uses biological and evolutionary explanations for social behavior
Deviance
behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction
Retreatists
individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether
Labeling Theory (Howard Becker)
idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments/labels that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person
Tertiary Deviance
redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon
Socialization
the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society
Instrumental Leadership
leadership that is task or goal oriented
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
the ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits
Ritualists
individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved mean
ID
consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy
Preparatory Stage (Mead)
first stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others
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