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Prions
Noncellular infectious proteins. Most of them occurs spontaneously but can also be in inherited form.
Long incubation time
Characteristics spongiform changes associated with neuronal loss and failure to induce inflammatory response.
Prion proteins modify the folding of normal human cellular proteins.
Opa proteins
Virulence factor that promotes adherence and invasion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae into epithelial cells
Components of Flagella
Basal Body- spans through the entire cell wall and consists of small central rod inserted into series of rings, it spins around and spins the flagellum.
Hook
Filament- protein filaments that extends like long tails from cell membranes
Gram positive bacteria
Capsular material ( except S. Pyogenes Hyaluronic acid capsule)
Flagella
Thick peptidoglycan cross linked by pentaglycine bridges
Peptidoglycan-teichoic acids are the major triggers of inflammation
LTA- hallmark of positive bacteria
Generally more susceptible to lysozyme and beta lactam drugs
4 different amino acids :
L-alanine, L-lysine , D-glutamic acid and D-alanine
Teichoic Acids
Unique feature of Gram + bacteria
Function is to help in the attachment to human cells, pili and specific virulence factors.
Surface antigens has Teichoic acids
Augmentin
Combination of Amoxycillin and Clavulanic acids that binds irreversibly to B-lactamase enzymes.
Microaerophiles
Requires oxygen for growth but concentration of oxygen must be below atmospheric level ( < 21%)
Ex: Campylobacter, Helicobacter
Obligate aerobes
Requires oxygen at atm. oxygen level of 21%
No fermentation pathway because that is an anaerobic pathway
Generally produce superoxide Dismutase
Ex: Pseudomonas , M. tuberculosis, Bacillus
Gram Negative Bacteria
Capsular material
Flagella
Thin peptidoglycan not cross linked
Endotoxins are the major triggers of inflammation
Generally less susceptible to lysozyme and beta lactam drugs.
4 main amino acids :
L-alanine, D-glutamic acid , D-aminopalmatic acid, D- alanine
Obligate anaerobes
Organism can only grow in the absence of oxygen, uses fermentative pathways
Ex: ABC, Actinomyces, Bacteriodes, Clostridium
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