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What is aggression?
Any behavior that involves the intention to harm another
- young children: physical aggression
- adults: emotionally harm others
What is nonverbal behavior?
Facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others
What is conformity?
The altering of one's behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people's expectations
What are the three ways of inducing compliance?
1) Foot in the door: If one agrees to a small request-> more likely to comply with a large request
2) Door in the face: If one refuses to a large comply-> more likely to comply with a smaller request
3) Low-balling: If one agrees to buy a product for a certain price-> more likely to comply with a request to pay more for the product
What is the Justifying Effort?
a person's tendency to attribute a value to an outcome, which they had to put effort into achieving, greater than the objective value of the outcome.
-> resolve the dissonance by inflating the importance of the group and their commitment to it -> Justification of effort
(e.g. initiation rites)
What are the factors that affect the persuasiveness of a message?
1) source: sources who are both attractive+ credible are the most persuasive
2) content: strong arguments appeal to emotions-> are the most persuasive + mere-exposure effect (repeating messages over and over)
3) receiver
What are Outgroups?
Groups to which a individual doesn't belong to
What is group polarization?
=The process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time
-> initial attitudes of group members determine if the group becomes riskier or more cautious
What are the two primary reasons for conformity?
1) Normative influence: the tendency for people to conform in order to fit in with the group
2) Informational influence: the tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond
Although Tarika always agrees to help members of her sorority when asked, she seldom agrees to help those in other sororities. What is Tarika's behavior an example of?
Ingroup favoritism
What is the evolutionary explanation for altruism?
Altruism confers benefits
-> may increase the chance that one's genes will be transmitted (inclusive fitness) => kin selection
-> increases likelihood that other members of social group will reciprocate when needed => reciprocal helping
Which processes maintain the stereotypes?
-directed attention: stereotypes guide attention toward information that confirms the stereotype and away from disconfirming evidence
-memory bias: people become biased to match stereotypes
=> psychological reasoning error of seeing correlations that does not exist
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