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Physiology
What is Physiology?
•To explain and understand how living things work.
•The study of function in the body
•It is particularly based on physics, especially forces, pressures, electricity
Physiology
What is Pathophysiology?
•The mechanism by which a disease process causes the organ to fail
•Explained in terms of physiology (especially physics)
Physiology
Give an example of pathophysiology.
•Type I diabetes – autoimmune destruction of beta cells - insufficient insulin hyperglycaemia - inability of kidney to reabsorb glucose - glucose in urine (symptom) - excess fluid loss into urine (symptom) - loss of glucose - weight loss, hunger, thirst and fatigue (symptoms)
Physiology
What is homeostasis?
•Homeostasis is the regulation of the cell's or the body's internal environment (= extracellular fluid) so that it tends to maintain a stable, constant condition
•Persistence through change
Physiology
What is the internal environment?
•Extracellular fluid
•Fluid, electrolytes, extracellular proteins
•Body temperature
Physiology
Give an example of when in medical practice it is important to be able to measure force.
•Heart and filling
•Starling's Law
•Pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy
Physiology
Which of the following are physiological and which are non-physiological: weight gain during pregnancy, increased heart rate during exercise, increased blood sugar during diabetes, increased body temperature (fever) during a viral infection.
•Physiological
•Weight gain during pregnancy
•Increased heart rate during exercise
•Non-physiological
•Increased blood sugar during diabetes
•Increased body temperature (fever) during a viral infection
Physiological is the healthy and normal state of the body. Non-physiological is either a disease state or happens "unnaturally" in the laboratory
Physiology
Give an example of when in medical practice it is important to be able to measure pressure.
•Expansion of the lung
•Depends on negative pressure in the intrapleural space
•Pathophysiological example is pneumothorax
Physiology
Give an example of when in medical practice it is important to be able to measure electricity.
•The ECG measures the electrical field given off by all the heart muscle cells acting in synchrony
•The ECG can reveal if someone is having a heart attack (ST elevation in myocardial infarct, so called a "STEMI")
Physiology
Give a physiological example of the carbonic anhydrase rxn in acid base balance.
•Secretion of acid into the stomach by gastric parietal cells
Physiology
What are the standard ECG features relating to acute myocardial infarction?
•ST elevation
Sometimes there are Q waves
Physiology
During dilated cardiomyopathy what happens to the heart's ability to pump and why?
It loses its ability to pump because the inner cavity of the ventricular chamber is so large that blood does not stretch the cells during diastole, so (by Starling's law) the muscle does not generate sufficient force/pressure to expel sufficient blood
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