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List five physiological functions of ions
1. Activates enzymes
2. Controls transmembrane voltage
3. Creates energy
4. Moves water
5. Forms bone
+ acts as a second messenger
Name three molecules in the body that are neither anions nor cations.
H2O, CO2, O2, cholesterol & testosterone
How are calcium ions stored in the body? How accessible are the different calcium stores?
Free in solution (immediately accessible).
Bound to proteins (readily accessible).
Sequestered in organelles (accessible only upon triggering an ion transporter).
Bound in an insoluble complex (e.g in bone, mostly inaccessible)
Which is the biggest fluid compartment in volume?
Intracellular fluid
Superficially describe the fluid content (particularly the ions) surrounding the cells.
Extracellular fluid: water, with electrolytes in it (Na+ and Cl-) It is pH = 7.4
ECF has much less protein than intracellular space or than the plasma, so it has more Cl- and less protein than those other fluid compartments
Compare the fluid content (particularly the ions) inside the cells to the fluid surrounding the cells.
Inside: main cation is K+; the main anion is protein and Cl-
Extracellular: main cation is Na+; the main anion is Cl-
Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion is the passive movement of solutes down their concentration gradient.
Osmosis is the passive movement of water down its concentration gradient.
Osmosis can lead to an increase in osmotic pressure.
Osmosis can happen across membranes that do not allow for movement of charged particles
Name five ways that ions can cross the membrane.
Ion channel. Pump. Co-transporter. Antiporter (exchanger). Leak
Name three signs or symptoms of hypocalcaemia.
Paraesthesias, convulsions, arrhythmias, over-reactive tendon reflexes (Chvostek's, Trousseau's), seizures
Name three excitable cells and three non-excitable cells.
Excitable: neurons, skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiac myocytes,Non-excitable: epithelial cells and connective tissue; e.g. liver cells (hepatocytes), red blood cells, kidney tubule cells, GI epithelial cells (e.g. gastric parietal cells), keratinocytes (skin epithelium)
What are the main causes of ionic imbalances in patients?
Trauma, haemorrhage, diarrhoea, vomiting, hormonal imbalances, diabetes, diuretics, kidney dysfunction, dehydration, poisons
Name 5 symptoms (or signs) that a physician might detect due to ionic concentrations being unbalanced.
Cardiac arrhythmias.
Tics and nervous dysfunctions
Seizures
Bone deformities
Oedema
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