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Germ-free parts of the human body
Liver
Spleen
Bones
Muscles
Blood
Cells of the intestenal epithelium
Enterocytes: secrete anti-microbial proteins Paneth cells: specialized epithelial cells in the ileal crypts, produce abundant anti-microbial compounds such as α- defensins to regulate bacterial populations
Goblet cells: produce mucin glycoproteins, constituents of the mucus layer, where antimicrobial proteins are enriched and resistance against bacteria is enforced.
Peyer's patches: Sampling of bacterial products by dendritic cells (DCs) through their dendrites or by M-cells via transcytosis leads to antigen presentation to the lymphocytes in Peyer's patches. This results in the development of plasma cells, which produce and secrete IgA into the luminal surface of the intestine.
What happens at a immuotherapie?
The cancer immunotheraies anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 remove certain natural barriers to immune activity.
anti-CTLA4: allows tumor-fightig cells to multiply
anti-PD1: blocks a molecule that shields tumor cells from attack
Which properties have iDC?
What are the functions of the normal flora?
How does the gut flora interact with drugs?
Who conditions iDCs to become tolerogenic?
epithelial cell- derived factors
Steps of infection?
How is the host damaged by the pathogen, which types of toxins are there?
On what depends virulence?
=ability of the pathogen to cause damage, also factors to help the pathogen with colonizing the host
Pathogen
Host
What does dynamic virulence mean?
Bacteria can evolve from non-pathogens to become pathogens through acquisition of new genetic material. Pathogenic bacteria can undergo further genetic modification that leads to altered virulence and changes in their genome.
3 Types of re-emerging diseases
1) Evolution of new strains within the same host species (methicillin-res S. aureus MRSA)
2) Switch to new host species (MRSA, HIV, SARS-CoV, covid-19 causing SARS--CoV-2)
3) Switch to new host species plus change in geographic range (West Nile virus in America)
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