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Why don't we have linguistic evidence from PIE? And how do we then know where it comes from?

Too far back in time --> nobody wrote stuff up back then
Many of the words that have survived from PIE describe a setting (landscape , flora & fauna) that could've existed in the are north of the Black Sea.
(e.g. domestication of horse and certain techniques for agriculture)

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What is the prehistory of English? (roots, tree diagram)

PIE --> Germanic --> West Germanic --> Old English --> Middle English --> Modern English

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What are examples for metalinguistic evidence?

Old grammar books and dictionaries

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What is Grimm's Law (First Germanic Consonant Shift)?

Regular sound change which affected the PIE plosive consonant inventory

voiceless plosives -> voiceless fricatives
voiced plosives --> voiceless plosive
"bh" --> b

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What is internal reconstruction?

A method for reconstructing earlier language stages that relies on comparative data from within one language

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Define 'Comparative reconstruction'!

Similarities between words in different languages point to common ancestry. Ancestor languages can be reconstructed by comparison.

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What aims comparative reconstruction to do? Name two principles regarding this aim!

It aims to detect regular correspondences between speech sounds.

-> Naturalness Principle (some sound changes more natural...e.g. vowel nasalisation plus nasal deletion)

-> Majority Principle: Change is (supposed to be) rarer than non-change (i.e parallel changes in related languages are unlikely)

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What's a cognate?

Words from different languages displaying similarities in terms of form and meaning due to common ancestry (as opposed to eg borrowing) = data for comparative reconstruction

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Which Germanic innovations exist in terms of their separation from other Indo-European languages?

Grimm's Law
Fixed Root-Initial Stress
Weak Past Tense
Weak Adjectival Inflection

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What is the 'Fixed Root Initial Stress'?

Development of a strong stress on first syllable of the root, leading to phonological reduction in other syllables

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What is a Weak Past Tense?

Class of verbs for which past tense is indicated by dental suffix (instead of vowel alternation)

eg loved (lufode), bought (brothe) kept (cepte)

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Which 4 types of evidence do we have for historical stages?

1) Linguistic (textual) evidence

2) Metalinguistic evidence

3) Comparative reconstruction

4) Internal reconstruction

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History of English at Universität Wien

Flashcards and summaries for History of English at the Universität Wien

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History of English at Universität Wien

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