M&T at Universität Bochum

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applied research

generating information that can be applied directly to real-world problem

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science: empirical

evidence from observations made under controlled conditions

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testable

has to have possible outcomes that disprove explanation

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general

explanation holds under many circumstances

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Common-sense explanation

based on own sense of what is true
(incomplete, inconsistent, lacking generality)

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method of authority

using expert sources to acquire information on issue in question
--> possible bias
--> often accepted without questioning

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circular explanations/ tautology (pseudo explanation)

- providing alternative label for event as explanation
--> no independent measure

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Observing phenomenon

- initial point of interest

- identifying variables which affect observation

- using induction: specific to general
--> Data driven

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Formulate Hypothesis

- stating nature of relationship between variables
- Hypothesis: testable, falsifiable, positiv, parsimonious
- using deduction --> theory driven

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Refining & Retesting

- Generating new hypothesis from observations
- Repeat testing

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Theory

an explanation of some aspect of the natural world: only observable, confirmable phenomena

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Characteristics of Theories

- Parsimony
- explanatory relevance (logical link between what is to be tested)
- testability (possibility of failing empirical test)
- account for most data
- prediction of novel events

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M&T at Universität Bochum

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