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Dialect
Any variety of a language according to speaker group; includes region, ethnicity, gender, class, education etc.
affix
adding a morpheme to the beginning (prefix) or the end (suffix) of a word; changes meaning and word class
active > inactive
kind > kindness
conjunctions
part of speech of word class; connect both other parts of speech and clauses
my dad AND I...
IF you go...
declarative
a sentence type used to formulate statements
it is raining
Double modals
The use of one modal auxiliary directly after the other (non-standard usage)
I might could go
Inflection
the grammatical endings added to verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs
borrowing
words/grammatical structures are taken from another language
auxiliary verbs
grammaticalized verbs with a high degree of grammatical meaning.
Consist of the primary auxiliaries be, have, auxiliary do and the modal auxiliaries
code-switching/code-mixing
switching/mixing languages mid-sentence
assimilation
process in which a sound becomes more like a neighbouring sound;
a nasal before a velar stop (k, g) may become velar
in+come /ink^m/
bleaching
part of grammaticalization in which a word loses its lexical meaning and turns into a grammatical marker
"going" in "going to do sth." no longer suggests movement but marks future tense
compunding
two independent words (free morphemes) are combined to form a new word
sunflower, football, anybody etc.
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