Language Skills 1 at Pädagogische Hochschule Ludwigsburg

you can not use a stative verb in progressive for future meaning. in thi case will is used

▪ sth began in the past and has been continuing ´up-to-now´

▪ sth has happened once, twice, a number of times or never
▪ indefinite time span – throughout your whole life
▪ definite time span – within the mentioned time-span up-to-now

• second conditional sentences can be used to refer to the future
• makes the event seem less likely than if we used a first conditional sentence
• is used to talk about things which might happen but are unlikely, for imaginary or
hypothetical situations
• sentence could refer to the past (e.g. as a reminder of what was said)

• had + past participle
• present perfect-in-the-past
o relates to a point of time in the past
o continuative: up-to-then
o resultative: refers to results or consequences present at a past time
• past tense-in-the-past
o look further back to a time before that point: before then

• look at a future event from the point of view of a past time

• will have + past participle
• refers to experience of a past event which is present at a future time

• not usually used in progressive form
• refers to states or facts of perception
o verbs of the senses (see, hear, smell, feel, notice)
o verbs of emotion (hate, love, like, care, wish)
o verbs of thinking (know, understand, suppose, trust, realize)
o verbs denoting possession (own, belong, have, possess)
o verbs of ´being´ , ´appearing´ and denoting relations between things (be, see,
matter, weight, cost)
• progressive form will change their meaning from describing a state to describing an
activity
o except: look, consider, have, have + direct object (used in the sense of
activity)
- meaning doesn´t change when tense changes

primary --> simple (result)

secondary --> progressive (side effect)

no will in the conditional! 

• prediction: stronger and more certain than will future
• about to happen immediately
• premeditated intentions

• refers to basic truths or facts that are true now (in the present)

o for things which always happen/facts
o for things which are generally valid
o for permanent habits
o for events in a sequence
o for sports commentaries or story telling
o for future e vents involve inanimate subjects and that have been arranged
(e.g. timetables)

• refers to actions that are in progress now (Verlaufsform)
o for actions which are thought of as being in progress now
o for temporary habits
o for future events which have been arranged and involve animate subjects
(people)

• time clause refers to the future and uses a conjunction like when, before, not until,
as soon as etc.
o time clause + present simple , will future
▪ subordinate clause , main clause
• future conditions use the conjunctions if and unless
• also called the ´first conditional´ and refers to things which are possible or likely to
happen
o if/unless + present simple , will future