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what are properties we use to characterize sound waves:
◦ Frequency and period
◦ Amplitude
◦ Phase
◦ Periodic versus aperiodic
◦ Simple versus complex
In the segmentation problem, formant transition is part of the vowel but ____
reflects properties of preceding or following consonant.
Suprasegmentals are properties of speech that typically span more than one speech sound or segment. What are the three primary suprasegmental features of speech?
The three suprasegmental features of speech are intonation, duration, and stress.
Another component of the invariance problem is
speaker differences
What is the distinctive formant transition pattern associated with the velar place of articulation?
There is a smaller space between F2 and F3. F2 is high and F3 is low. Two formants come together in a “velar pinch”.
Define vowel reduction. When would you expect vowels to be more reduced: (a) in a stressed syllable versus an unstressed syllable? (b) in careful/clear speech versus casual/conversational speech? (c) in a typical speaker vs a speaker with dysarthria?
Vowel reduction is used when the formant patterns of a vowel become neutralized. Vowels are expected to be more reduced in individuals with communication disorders. Vowel reduction occurs in unstressed syllables, casual/conversational speech, and a speaker with dysarthria.
does every language/culture use infant directed speech ?
no
The more speech a child hears....
the more clearly the clusters and boundaries in acoustic space will be defined.
Explain what it means for infants to show distributional learning of phonetic categories.
(how sounds cluster & separate in acoustic space).
Picture child’s mental representation as a blank map of acoustic space; a dot is added for each speech sound the child hears. Over time, clusters of dots come represent phonemic categories; gaps between clusters represent boundaries between categories.
Up until what age is HAS considered an appropriate testing technique? Why is HAS less suitable for older infants?
This technique is considered appropriate to infants under 4 months of age. Older infants are more active and less content merely to suck and listen. Older infants tend to their native language rather than being a universal perceiver of all languages.
What are the two invariance problems in speech perceptions?
Across phonetic contexts and across speakers
Why is it so difficult for a computer to recognize a sound?
The invariance problem across phonetic contexts -- computer needs to ID some property that is invariant across all instances of sound, but COARTICULATION happens
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