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What two ways does Natural selection act against a population of individuals
O
In a density-dependent manner, where the intensity of selection and the rate of mortality increases with
increasing population sizes
In a density-independent manner, where the rate of mortality is uniform irrespective of population size
How does Density-dependent selection arise through competition
Within species competition, known as Intraspecific competition, or
Between species competition, known as Interpsecific competition
How does Density-dependent selection arise through competition
Within species competition, known as Intraspecific competition, or
Between species competition, known as Interpsecific competition
what are the results of competitive exclusion
Supremacy
• Extinction
• Evasive or adaptive change
What are some antipredator strategies
A) Physical defense
B) Chemistry
C) Camouflage
D) Mimicry
E) Defensive Behavior
What is trophic cascade
Trophic cascade, an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of
top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator
and prey through a food chain, which often results in dramatic changes in ecosystem structure
and nutrient cycling.
An example of Mutualism
Symbiosis is a specific form of mutualism where one or both participants are obligately
involved in the relationship, often (but not always) by being attached to the tissues of the
other
What is ecosystem services and what services do they provide?
Ecosystem Services are the benefits people obtain
from ecosystems. These include provisioning, regulating, and
cultural services that directly affect people and
supporting services needed to maintain the other services
How do positive relations between biodiversity and ecosystems functioning arise ?
• Resource/niche partitioning occurs when species differ in their resource requirements, resulting in lower
competition from interspecific neighbors than from conspecifics. This may lead to a more complete
resource use by more biodiverse communities (Fridley 2001).
• Facilitation: Facilitative or positive interactions are encounters between organisms that benefit at least
one of the participants and cause harm to neither (facilitation (commensalism & mutualism).
- Resource/niche partitioning and facilitation are collectively referred to as ‘complementarity”
• ‘Portfolio Effect’ surmises that having higher biodiversity multiple species in a community is akin to
having multiple stocks in an investment portfolio, acting as insurance against variability in the
environment affecting a single species
What are some of the impacts of Ornamental Gardening ?
Alters habitat, reduces
diversity
• Winter dieback
makes riparian
areas vulnerable to
erosion
• Can cause damage
to property
Why are some introduced species so successful ?
Enemy release hypothesis: invasive species, on introduction to a new region,
experience a decrease in regulation by natural enemies, resulting in a rapid increase
in distribution and abundance
what is a parasite
A parasite is an organism that obtains its nutrients from one or a very few host individuals, normally causing
harm but not causing death immediately.
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