Lernmaterialien für PATHOLOGY S1 an der Mansoura University

• cloud swelling
• vacuolar & hydropic degeneration
• fatty change

• infection spreads out in body
• wounds wouldn't heal properly
  

death of group of cells in living body

neutrophils

programmed single cell death based on activation of suicide pathway enzymes

intracellular accumulation of excess natural fat (triglycerides) in parenchymatous organs

1. mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is disrupted
2. decreased ATP
3. decreased Na-K pump
4. increase intracellular Na
5. cell swelling
6. altered metabolism
7. depletion of glycogen (anaerobic respiration with glycogenolysis)
8. lactic acid accumulation
9. decrease pH
10. increases intracellular osmotic pressure
11. cell swelling

• irreversible mitochondrial damage
• increased intracellular Ca that activates enzyme (protease, phospholipase, endonuclease)

• physiological : during menstruation
• pathological : viral hepatitis

• ​necrosis
• apoptosis
  

1. coagulative necrosis (heart & kidney ischaemia)
2. liquefactive necrosis (abscess & brain)
3. caseation necrosis (tuberculosis / TB)
4. fat necrosis (traumatic)
5. fibrinoid necrosis (blood vessel disease)
6. zenker's necrosis (typhyoid fever)

advanced stage of cloudy swelling characterized by excess water accumulation inside cells in form of cytoplasmic vacuoles (vacuolar) or large spaces (hydropic)