Manipulation at Maastricht University

Any planned combination of educational, political regulatory, and organisational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, or communities” (Green & Kreuter, 1991, p. 432)

"a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events or symbols"

1. An affective component, consisting of your emotional reactions toward the attitude object. (e.g. spider = fear) 2. A cognitive component, consisting of your thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object. (e.g. tutor = intelligent) 3. A behavioral component, consisting of your actions or observable behavior toward the attitude object.

An attitude based on observations of how one behaves toward an attitude object.

An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: – Centrally: attention to arguments – Peripherally: swayed by surface characteristics

– Express empathy
– Develop discrepancy
– Roll with resistance
– Support self-efficacy

a directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence

a way of helping individuals begin the change process by increasing their motivation and self-efficacy for change 

Open-ended questions
Affirmation
Reflective listening
Summarising

• Self-evaluation: the need for accurate self-evaluations
• Self-enhancement: creating and maintaining a positive image of oneself
  Self-improvement: gather information about how to advance through life

• behavioral models: “ he [or she] possesses skills and displays techniques which the actor lacks (or thinks he [or she] lacks), and from whom, by observation and comparison with his [or her] own performance, the actor can learn.”(Kemper, 1968)
• Role models as future or possible selves: These models teach us not how something is possible, but that something is possible
• Role models as inspirations: Role models that “always inspire, teach by example, and excite admiration and emulation” 

That the different types of role models (behavioral models, possible selves, inspirations) lead to certain motivations to achieve a goal, learn a skill, etc. via different pathways