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Malformation
Abnormalities by genetic events
Disruption
Abnormalitiey by exogenous agents (teratogens)
Exogenous agent that leads to developmental disorders is called
teratogen
Organogenesis
Formation of organs out of germ layers
starts with notochord
Model organims for developmental biology
Sea urchin
Caenorhabditis elegans
Drosophila melanogaster
Danio rerio (Zebra fish)
Xenopus laevis (frog)
Gallus gallus domesticus (chicken)
Mus musculus (mouse)
Preformation therory
complete miniature organism enclosed in sperm cell
Epigenesis therory
Organs are formed de novo with each generation
Homologous
structures derive from same ancestor
Analogous
structure in two species have same function but derive from different origins
2 Major cells in Embryo
Epithelial cells
Mesenchymal cells
Epithelial cells
Cells are tighly connected to each other forming sheets or tubes
Mesenchymal cells
cells are unconnected and work as independent units
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